Citric acid monohydrate, which also goes by the name E330, is essentially a weak acid. It is used in the food industry for pH level stabilization, acidity regulation, and as an antioxidant. It is also used in pharmaceutical and dietary supplements and as a cleaning agent.
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Citric acid monohydrate is an organic compound from the hydroxycarboxylic acids group. It is manufactured commercially by starch hydrolyzate using mold cultures. Naturally organic citric acid is found in many fruits, particularly lemons, limes, and oranges. It is what gives lemon juice and citrus fruits in general their tart, acidic taste. Citrate acid monohydrate has been produced and used in different industries for many years. Its production volume is still rising as well as the demand.
Currently, the global production of citric acid is estimated to be more than two million tons yearly. The food industry covers about 70% of the manufactured version of citric acid1, pharmaceutical, and dietary supplements use 20%, and the remaining 10% goes into cleaning agents with usage such as metal finishing, cleaning, and descaling equipment. An interesting fact is that more than 50% of the companies that produce citric acid are located in China.
Citric acid is a common food additive. It is a weak acid that is usually added in small amounts and does not have a significant impact on the flavor of the final product. However, powdered citric acid can have a strong scent, so it should be added carefully to avoid overpowering other flavors. Citric acid is used in baked goods, jams, canned fruits and vegetables, sodas, juices, powdered beverages, candies, frozen foods, dairy products, soft drinks, and other processed foods.
Citric acid helps preserve the color, flavor, and texture of foods. It extends shelf life and prevents the growth of bacteria in canned fruits and vegetables, e.g. toxic-producing Clostridium botulinum bacterium that causes a rare, but serious, illness of botulism. Citric acid is also used to prevent bacteria growth in dairy products.
Citric acid is popular among food additives. It adds tartness or sour taste to foods. It is also added to doughs to help with rising.
When combined with water, it forms an effective cleaning solution that can remove dirt, grease, and grime from surfaces. Citric acid is also known for its disinfectant properties, making it an ideal choice for sanitizing food-processing equipment. It also carries the ability to dissolve mineral deposits and cut through grease.
Citric acid is an industrial staple in medicines and dietary supplements. It’s added to medicines to help stabilize and preserve the active ingredients2 and used to enhance or mask the taste of chewable and syrup-based medications. Mineral supplements, such as magnesium and calcium, may also contain citric acid (in the form of citrate) to enhance absorption.
Citric acid is a useful disinfectant against a variety of bacteria and viruses. A test-tube study showed that it may treat or prevent human norovirus, a leading cause of foodborne illness3.
Citric acid is commercially sold as a general disinfectant and cleaning agent for removing soap scum, hard water stains, lime, and rust.
It’s viewed as a safer alternative to conventional disinfectant and cleaning products, such as quat and chlorine bleach4.
The natural form of citric acid that occurs naturally, e.g. in lemon juice or juices from other citrus fruits, has better properties compared to the manufactured form. What is important, citric acid does not contain vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) although they both appear in citrus fruits. But still, while the manufactured form of citric acid differs from naturally occurring citric acid in citrus fruits, it still has many impressive health benefits and functions.
Citric acid is the most important of organic acids – it is produced in tonnage. More than 95% of citric acid is manufactured commercially by submerged fermentation using the black mold Aspergillus niger, which creates citric acid when it feeds on sugar8. The source of sugar is corn steep liquor, molasses, hydrolyzed corn starch, and other inexpensive sugary solutions. After the mold is filtered out of the resulting solution, citric acid is isolated by precipitating it with calcium hydroxide to yield calcium citrate salt, from which citric acid is regenerated by treatment with sulfuric acid, as in the direct extraction from citrus fruit juice. The final product is a white, odorless powder that is used in a variety of applications. While citric acid naturally occurs in citrus fruits, producing it through the extraction process from them is too expensive, and the demand far exceeds the supply. Learn more about the industrial production of citric acid here.
Manufactured citric acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)9. There are no studies that investigate the safety of manufactured citric acid when consumed in large quantities for long periods. At the same time, there have been rare cases of allergic reactions and sickness10, and these symptoms were not observed due to the consumption of natural forms of acid (such as citrus fruits). While the topic needs further investigation and studies, it seems that the possibility that manufactured citric acid may trigger allergies or be the cause of sickness is very low.
| INCI name: | Citric Acid |
| Identifier (CAS no.): | 5949-29-1 |
| External appearance: | white crystals |
| Main ingredient: | 95,5 – 100 % |
| pH: | about 1.7 (100 g/l H2O) |
| Chloride content: | ≤ 5 ppm |
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Chemnovatic is a chemical manufacturing and trading company offering a wide range of top-quality chemicals for various industries, along with laboratory, regulatory and private label services.
The information presented on the website is addressed only to business customers.
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